天文学者によるオリオン星雲の最初の息を呑むような Web 宇宙望遠鏡の画像

ジェームズ ウェッブ宇宙望遠鏡の NIRCam 装置で見たオリオン星雲の内部。 これは、電離ガス、分子ガス、炭化水素、塵、散乱した星の光からの放射を表すいくつかのフィルターの合成画像です。 最も注目に値するのは、この画像の左上から右下に走る厚いガスと塵の壁であるオリオン バーで、明るい星 θ を含んでいます² オリオン座 A. このシーンは、画像の右上のすぐそばにある、熱い若い大質量星 (トラペジウム クラスターとして知られている) のグループによって照らされています。 トラペジウム アレイの強く過酷な紫外線は、右上に高温の電離環境を作り出し、オリオン バーをゆっくりと浸食します。 粒子と塵は、高密度のリボンによって保護された環境でより長く生き残ることができますが、星のエネルギーのバーストは、驚くほど豊富なフィラメント、小球、および円盤と空洞を備えた若い星を示す領域を切り開きます。 クレジット: NASA、ESA、CSA、データ削減と分析: PDRs4All ERS ​​チーム。 S. Fuenmayor . グラフィック処理

新しいウェブ画像は、オリオン星雲の素晴らしい眺めを明らかにします

“We are blown away by the breathtaking images of the Orion Nebula. We started this project in 2017, so we have been waiting more than five years to get these data,” said Western University astrophysicist Els Peeters.

These images have been obtained as part of the Early Release Science program Photodissociation Regions for All (PDRs4All ID 1288) on JWST. Co-led by Peeters, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) scientist Olivier Berné, and Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS) associate professor Emilie Habart, PDRs4All is an international collaboration that involves a team of more than one hundred scientists in 18 countries. Other Western University astrophysicists involved in PDRs4All include Jan Cami, Ameek Sidhu, Ryan Chown, Bethany Schefter, Sofia Pasquini, and Baria Kahn.

Young star with disk inside its cocoon: Planet forming disks of gas and dust around a young star. These disks are being dissipated or “photo-evaporated” due to the strong radiation field of the nearby stars of the Trapezium creating a cocoon of dust and gas around them. Almost 180 of these externally illuminated photoevaporating disks around young stars (aka Proplyds) have been discovered in the Orion nebula, and HST-10 (the one in the picture) is one of the largest known. The orbit of Neptune is shown for comparison.
Filaments: The entire image is rich in filaments of different sizes and shapes. The inset here shows thin, meandering filaments that are especially rich in hydrocarbon molecules and molecular hydrogen.
θ2 Orionis A: The brightest star in this image is θ2 Orionis A, a star that is just bright enough to be seen with the naked eye from a dark location on Earth. Stellar light that is reflecting off dust grains causes the red glow in its immediate surroundings.
Young star inside globule: When dense clouds of gas and dust become gravitationally unstable, they collapse into stellar embryos that gradually grow more massive until they can start nuclear fusion in their core – they start to shine. This young star is still embedded in its natal cloud.
Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Data reduction and analysis: PDRs4All ERS Team; graphical processing S. Fuenmayor & O. Berné

“These new observations allow us to better understand how massive stars transform the gas and dust cloud in which they are born,” said Peeters. She is a Western University astronomy professor and faculty member at the Institute for Earth and Space Exploration.

“Massive young stars emit large quantities of ultraviolet radiation directly into the native cloud that still surrounds them, and this changes the physical shape of the cloud as well as its chemical makeup. How precisely this works, and how it affects further star and planet formation is not yet well known.”

The newly released images reveal numerous spectacular structures inside the nebula, down to scales comparable to the size of the Solar System.

“We clearly see several dense filaments. These filamentary structures may promote a new generation of stars in the deeper regions of the cloud of dust and gas. Stellar systems already in formation show up as well,” said Berné. “Inside its cocoon, young stars with a disk of dust and gas in which planets form are observed in the nebula. Small cavities dug by new stars being blown by the intense radiation and stellar winds of newborn stars are also clearly visible.”

Proplyds, or ionized protoplanetary disks, consist of a central protostar surrounded by a disk of dust and gas in which planets form. Scattered throughout the images are several protostellar jets, outflows, and nascent stars embedded in dust.

“We have never been able to see the intricate fine details of how interstellar matter is structured in these environments, and to figure out how planetary systems can form in the presence of this harsh radiation. These images reveal the heritage of the interstellar medium in planetary systems,” said Habart.

Orion Nebula: JWST versus Hubble Space Telescope (HST): The inner region of the Orion Nebula as seen by both the Hubble Space Telescope (left) and the James Webb Space Telescope (right). The HST image is dominated by emission from hot ionized gas, highlighting the side of the Orion Bar which is facing the Trapezium Cluster (off the top right of the image). The JWST image also shows the cooler molecular material that is slightly further away from the Trapezium Cluster (compare the location of the Orion Bar relative to the bright star θ2 Orionis A for example). Webb’s sensitive infrared vision can furthermore peer through thick dust layers and see fainter stars. This will allow scientists to study what is happening deep inside the nebula.
Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, PDRs4All ERS Team; image processing Olivier Berné.
Credit for the HST image: NASA/STScI/Rice Univ./C.O’Dell et al. – Program ID: PRC95-45a. Technical details: The HST image used WFPC2 mosaic. This composite image uses [OIII] (青)、イオン化水素 (緑)、および [NII] （赤）。

アナログの進化

オリオン星雲は、太陽系のゆりかご (45 億年以上前に形成されたとき) に似た環境であると長い間考えられてきました。 これが、今日の科学者がオリオン星雲の観察に関心を持っている理由です。 彼らは、類推によって、地球の進化の最初の百万年の間に何が起こったのかを理解したいと考えています。

オリオン大星雲のような恒星の苗床のコアは大量のスターダストで覆われているため、望遠鏡などを使って可視光で内部で何が起こっているかを研究することは不可能です。 ハッブル宇宙望遠鏡. Webb がファイルを検出 赤外線ライト 天文学者がこれらの塵の層を見て、星雲の深部で発生する動きを検出できるようにします。

スピッツァー宇宙望遠鏡 (左) とジェームズ ウェッブ宇宙望遠鏡 (右) で見たオリオン星雲の内部。 両方の画像は、画像全体で輝く炭化水素ダストからの放出に特に敏感なフィルターを使用して記録されました。 この比較は、Webb の画像が赤外線の先駆者であるスピッツァー宇宙望遠鏡と比較して、どれほど信じられないほど正確であるかを驚くほど示しています。 これは複雑なフィラメントからすぐにわかりますが、Webb の鋭い目により、星と原始惑星系の小球や円盤をよりよく区別することもできます。
NIRCam 画像クレジット: NASA、ESA、CSA、PDRs4All ERS ​​チーム。 オリヴィエ・ベルネによる画像処理。
スピッツァー画像クレジット: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Meggeth (University of Toledo, Ohio)
技術的な詳細: スピッツァーの画像は、スピッツァー赤外線アレイ カメラ (IRAC) によってキャプチャされた 3.6 ミクロンの赤外線を示しています。 JWST 画像は、JWST NIRCam によってキャプチャされた 3.35 μm の赤外光を示しています。 黒いピクセルは、検出器が明るい星で飽和しているために発生するアーティファクトです。

「オリオン大星雲を観測することは、ウェッブの前例のない高感度デバイスには明るすぎるため、挑戦でした。しかし、ウェッブは信じられないほどです。ウェッブは遠くのかすかな銀河も観察できます。」[{” attribute=””>Jupiter and Orion, which are some of the brightest sources in the infrared sky,” said Berné.

At the heart of the Orion Nebula is the ‘trapezium cluster’ (also known as Theta Orionis), which was discovered by Galileo. It contains young massive stars whose intense ultraviolet radiation shapes the cloud of dust and gas. Understanding how this intense radiation impacts their surroundings is a key question in understanding the formation of stellar systems like our own solar system.

“Seeing these first images of the Orion Nebula is just the beginning. The PDRs4All team is working hard to analyze the Orion data and we expect new discoveries about these early phases of the formation of stellar systems,” said Habart. “We are excited to be part of Webb’s journey of discoveries.”

Webb is the most powerful space telescope ever created in human history. It was developed in partnership with NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and boasts an iconic 6.5-meter-wide mirror, consisting of a honeycomb-like pattern of 18 hexagonal, gold-coated mirror segments and a five-layer, diamond-shaped sunshield the size of a tennis court. As a partner, CSA receives a guaranteed share of Webb’s observation time, making Canadian scientists some of the first to study data collected by the most advanced space telescope ever constructed.